SQL Tip, Compiling Your SQL Without Running It to See If It Would Run

Let's say you have a big SQL script with a ton of code and you want to make sure it runs but you don't want to execute it because it updates tables, deletes data etc etc.
Take this simple example

SELECT GETDATE()
GO
SELECT 1/asasasas
GO


You can probably guess that the second statement is not valid, when you have a lot of code it is more difficult to spot these things.
Execeute the code above and you will get this


(1 row(s) affected)

Server: Msg 207, Level 16, State 1, Line 1
Invalid column name 'asasasas'.

SQL server has the SET NOEXEC statement. From BOL:

When SET NOEXEC is ON, Microsoft® SQL Server™ compiles each batch of
Transact-SQL statements but does not execute them. When SET NOEXEC is OFF, all
batches are executed after compilation.

The execution of statements in
SQL Server consists of two phases: compilation and execution. This setting is
useful for having SQL Server validate the syntax and object names in
Transact-SQL code when executing. It is also useful for debugging statements
that would usually be part of a larger batch of statements.

The setting
of SET NOEXEC is set at execute or run time and not at parse time.

So execute the code below

SET NOEXEC ON
GO

SELECT GETDATE()
GO
SELECT 1/asasasas
GO
SET NOEXEC OFF
GO



As you can see the output is the following:
Server: Msg 207, Level 16, State 1, Line 1
Invalid column name 'asasasas'.


You never see the getdate. Parsing that code will not throw an error and because of deferred name resolution you can fat-finger table names and it will parse without a problem.

Awesome Collection Of ASP.NET Hacks, Tips and Tricks

We added a bunch of ASP.NET Hacks, Tips and Tricks

we have the following categories
1 Applications
2 Caching
3 Controls
4 Database
5 Dates
6 Debugging
7 Email
8 Encryption
9 Files
10 Images
11 Javascript
12 Objects and Classes
13 Pages
14 Sessions
15 Strings
16 Validation
17 Visual Studio
18 Web

The URL to these hacks is here: http://wiki.lessthandot.com/index.php/ASP.NET_Hacks
Bookmark that URL because we will be adding more hacks, tips and tricks

Working On SQL Admin Hacks, Tips and Tricks

I haven't posted for a while because I have been working on SQL Admin Hacks, Tips and Tricks lately. it is still a work in progress but below is what is on the wiki currently. It is not yet categorized but we will do that once we get more of these hacks done. To see what it will look like when it is done take a look at the SQL Server Programming Hacks

Can you think of any admin stuff you would like to see? This is what we have right now

Find Primary Keys and Columns Used in SQL Server
Get The Domain Name Of Your SQL Server Machine With T-SQL
Grant Execute/SELECT Permissions For All User Defined Functions To A User
Grant Execute Permissions For All Stored Procedures To A User
Kill All Active Connections To A Database
SQL Server 2008: When Was The Server Last Started?
Check If Auto Update Statistics Is Enabled By Using DATABASEPROPERTY
Three Way To List All Databases On Your Server
Generate A List Of Object Types By Using OBJECTPROPERTY
How to find all the tables and views in a database
Find Out Server Roles For a SQL Server Login
Which Service Pack Is Installed On My SQL Server
Test SQL Server Login Permissions With SETUSER
Login failed for user 'sa'. Reason: Not associated with a trusted SQL Server connection. SQL 2000
Login failed for user 'sa'. Reason: Not associated with a trusted SQL Server connection. SQL 2005
Compare Tables With Tablediff
Find All Tables Without Triggers In SQL Server
Find All Tables With Triggers In SQL Server
Create Stored Procedures That Run At SQL Server Startup
Cycle The SQL Server Error Log
How to read sql server error messages
Use OBJECT_DEFINITION To Track SQL Server Stored Procedure Changes
SQL Compare Without The Price Tag
How To Get The Database Name For The Current User Process
How To Find Out Which Columns Have Defaults And What Those Default Values Are
Fixing Cannot add, update, or delete a job that originated from an MSX Server Error after renaming a server

How to log when a function is called?

This question came up today and here is one way of doing it. It requires running xp_cmdshell so this is probably not such a good idea.
The problem with functions is that you cannot just insert into any table. INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements modifying table variables local to the function.
EXECUTE statements calling an extended stored procedures are allowed.
So with this in mind we know that we can call xp_cmdshell, from xp_cmdshell we can use osql
Let's take a look
We will be using tempdb


--Create the table
USE tempdb
go
CREATE TABLE LogMeNow (SomeValue varchar(50), SomeDate datetime default getdate())
go

--Here is the proc
CREATE PROC prLog
@SomeValue varchar(50)
AS
INSERT LogMeNow (SomeValue) VALUES(@SomeValue)
go

--And here is the function
CREATE FUNCTION fnBla(@id int)
RETURNS int
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @SQL varchar(500)
SELECT @SQL = 'osql -S' +@@servername +' -E -q "exec tempdb..prLog ''fnBla''"'
EXEC master..xp_cmdshell @SQL
RETURN @id
END

Now call the function a couple of times

SELECT dbo.fnBla(1)
SELECT dbo.fnBla(2)
SELECT dbo.fnBla(4)

And look inside the table

SELECT * FROM LogMeNow

What if you were to run this?

SELECT dbo.fnBla(4),* FROM sys.sysobjects

See the problem? The function will be called for every row, if you have a big table this can be problematic!!!!!!!!

I tested this on SQL 2000 and on SQL 2005(including a named instance). So there you have it, this is one way. does it smell kludgy and do I feel somewhat dirty now? yes it does indeed :-(

Do you depend on sp_depends (no pun intended)

HTML Source EditorWord wrap I answered this question on the MSDN forums: How can I search all my sprocs to see if any use a function?
Several people suggested using sp_depends. You can't really depend on sp_depends because of deferred name resolution. Take a look at this

First create this proc

CREATE PROC SomeTestProc
AS
SELECT dbo.somefuction(1)
GO


now create this function

CREATE FUNCTION somefuction(@id int)
RETURNS int
AS
BEGIN
SELECT @id = 1
RETURN @id
END
Go


now run this


sp_depends 'somefuction'

result: Object does not reference any object, and no objects reference it.



Most people will not create a proc before they have created the function. So when does this behavior rear its ugly head? When you script out all the objects in a database, if the function or any objects referenced by an object are created after the object that references them then sp_depends won't be 100% correct

SQL Server 2005 makes it pretty easy to do it yourself

SELECT

specific_name,*

FROM information_schema.routines

WHERE

object_definition(object_id(specific_name)) LIKE '%somefuction%'

AND

routine_type = 'procedure'

BTW somefuction is not a type, I already had a somefunction but was too lazy to change more than one character

How To Use COALESCE And NULLIF To Prevent Updating Columns When A Parameter IS NULL Or A Default Value

A variation of this question popped up twice in the SQL programming newsgroup since yesterday, this means it is time for a blogpost.
Let's say you have a proc like this

CREATE PROC prUpdateTable
@Salesman int = -1
AS

..........

If the user calls the proc like this exec prUpdateTable null then @Salesman will be null, if the user calls the proc like this exec prUpdateTable then the value of @Salesman will be -1. In both of this cases you don't want to change the value of the column. What can you do?
You can use a combination of NULLIF and COALESCE to handle this. Your update statement would look like this

UPDATE table
SET Column = COALESCE(NULLIF(@variable,-1),Column)

Here is some code to demonstrate that

CREATE TABLE #foo (id int,salesman int)
INSERT #foo VALUES(1,1)
INSERT #foo VALUES(2,1)
INSERT #foo VALUES(3,1)
INSERT #foo VALUES(4,1)



SELECT * FROM #foo
-------------
1 1
2 1
3 1
4 1

DECLARE @salesman int
SELECT @salesman = 5

--Column value will change to 5
UPDATE #foo
SET salesman = COALESCE(NULLIF(@salesman,-1),salesman)
WHERE ID =1

--Column value won't change
SELECT @salesman = -1
UPDATE #foo
SET salesman = COALESCE(NULLIF(@salesman,-1),salesman)
WHERE ID =2

--Column value won't change
SELECT @salesman = NULL
UPDATE #foo
SET salesman = COALESCE(NULLIF(@salesman,-1),salesman)
WHERE ID =3

--Column value will change to 3
SELECT @salesman = 3
UPDATE #foo
SET salesman = COALESCE(NULLIF(@salesman,-1),salesman)
WHERE ID =4

--And here is the output, as you can see when @salesman was -1 or NULL the table did not get updated
SELECT * FROM #foo
-------------
1 5
2 1
3 1
4 3

DROP TABLE #foo

As you can see only the first and the last update statement changed the value of the salesman column
Of course you would never do this if you were to update only one column, you would skip the update instead. If you have to update multiple columns then this is something you can use instead of writing a bunch of dynamic SQL or nested IF statements.

Tip: Find all The Rows Where Any Of The Columns Is Null Or Zero Or Both

This question is asked every now and then so I decided to do a little blog post. How can you quickly without writing a bunch of OR statements determince if any columns have a NULL value, a value of 0 or if the value is 0 or NULL.
To test for NULL is very easy, you just concatenate the columns since NULL + anything else is always NULL. Okay that also depends on a setting.

Run this

SET CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL ON
SELECT NULL + '1' --NULL

SET CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL OFF
SELECT NULL + '1' --1

As you can see if CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL is OFF then the result is 1

Now take a look at this


SET CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL ON
SELECT NULL + 1 --NULL



SET CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL OFF
SELECT NULL + 1 --NULL


So with numeric values it behaves differently. Either way by default CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL is set to on
To test for NULLS or zeroes you use NULLIF
To test for zeros you can combine COALESCE and NULLIF

Here is the code which shows all of that

CREATE TABLE #test(column1 int,column2 varchar(4),column3 float)

INSERT #test VALUES(2,'2',2)
INSERT #test VALUES(0,'1',0)
INSERT #test VALUES(null,'1',0)
INSERT #test VALUES(1,null,0)
INSERT #test VALUES(0,'1',null)
INSERT #test VALUES(null,null,null)



--Any column is Null
SELECT * FROM #test
WHERE column1 + column2+column3 is null

Output
------------
NULL 1 0.0
1 NULL 0.0
0 1 NULL
NULL NULL NULL



--Any column is Null or zero
SELECT * FROM #test
WHERE NULLIF(column1,0) + NULLIF(column2,0)+NULLIF(column3,0) is null

Output
-------------------
0 1 0.0
NULL 1 0.0
1 NULL 0.0
0 1 NULL
NULL NULL NULL




--Any column is zero
SELECT * FROM #test
WHERE NULLIF(COALESCE(column1,1),0) +
NULLIF(COALESCE(column2,1),0)+
NULLIF(COALESCE(column3,1),0) is null

Output
-------------------
0 1 0.0
NULL 1 0.0
1 NULL 0.0
0 1 NULL


DROP TABLE #test

Use the *1 trick to do math with two varchars, this prevents the Invalid operator for data type. Operator equals subtract,type equals varchar message

Someone had code like this on the tek-tips forum

DECLARE @v varchar(24)
SELECT @v ='06029202400250029'

SELECT RIGHT(@v,4) -SUBSTRING(@v,10,4)

If you run this code, you will get the following message
Server: Msg 403, Level 16, State 1, Line 4
Invalid operator for data type. Operator equals subtract, type equals varchar.

Instead of casting to integers you can also use this little trick. You basically multiply one of the values by 1

DECLARE @v varchar(24)
SELECT @v ='06029202400250029'

SELECT RIGHT(@v,4) *1 -SUBSTRING(@v,10,4)



Another example. This doesn't work
SELECT '2' - '1'

This does work
SELECT '2' * 1 - '1'

Integer Math In SQL Server

What do you think the following query will return in SQL Server?

SELECT 3/2

If you said 1.5 then you are wrong! The correct answer is 1, this is because when doing division with 2 integers the result will also be an integer.
There are two things you can do
1 multiply one of the integers by 1.0
2 convert one of the integers to a decimal


Integer math is integer result
DECLARE @Val1 INT,@val2 INT
SELECT @Val1 =3, @val2 =2

SELECT @Val1/@Val2

Result 1

Convert explicit or implicit to get the correct answer
DECLARE @Val1 INT,@val2 INT
SELECT @Val1 =3, @val2 =2

--Implicit
SELECT @Val1/(@Val2*1.0)
--Explicit
SELECT CONVERT(DECIMAL(18,4),@Val1)/@Val2

Result 1.50000000000000

Return Null If A Value Is A Certain Value

You need to return NULL only if the value of your data is a certain value. How do you do this?
There are three different ways.

NULLIF
DECLARE @1 char(1)
SELECT @1 ='D'


SELECT NULLIF(@1,'D')


REPLACE
This should not really be used, I just added it here to demonstrate that you can in fact use it.

DECLARE @1 char(1)
SELECT @1 ='D'

SELECT REPLACE(@1,'D',NULL)


CASE
With case you can test for a range of values. You can test for example for values between A and D. If you reverse the logic then you also don't need to provide the ELSE part since it defaults to NULL anyway.

DECLARE @1 char(1)
SELECT @1 ='D'


SELECT CASE @1 WHEN 'D' THEN NULL ELSE @1 END

--No else needed
SELECT CASE WHEN @1 <> 'D' THEN @1 END

And this is how you test for a range.

--Null
DECLARE @1 char(1)
SELECT @1 ='D'

SELECT CASE WHEN @1 BETWEEN 'A' AND 'D' THEN NULL ELSE @1 END

--E
DECLARE @1 char(1)
SELECT @1 ='E'

SELECT CASE WHEN @1 BETWEEN 'A' AND 'D' THEN NULL ELSE @1 END

Sort Values Ascending But NULLS Last

This is a frequent request in newsgroups and fora. People want to sort the column in ascending order but don't want the NULLS at the beginning.
Oracle has this syntax: ORDER BY ColumnName NULLS LAST;
SQL Server does not have this. But there are 2 ways to do this. The first one is by using case and the second one by using COALESCE and the maximum value for the data type in the order by clause.

The 2 approaches with a datetime data type

DECLARE @Temp table(Col datetime)
INSERT INTO @Temp VALUES(getdate())
INSERT INTO @Temp VALUES('2007-10-19 09:54:03.730')
INSERT INTO @Temp VALUES('2006-10-19 09:54:03.730')
INSERT INTO @Temp VALUES('2005-10-19 09:54:03.730')
INSERT INTO @Temp VALUES('2006-10-19 09:54:03.730')
INSERT INTO @Temp VALUES('2004-10-19 09:54:03.730')
INSERT INTO @Temp VALUES(NULL)
INSERT INTO @Temp VALUES(NULL)

SELECT *
FROM @Temp
ORDER BY COALESCE(Col,'9999-12-31 23:59:59.997')

SELECT *
FROM @Temp
ORDER BY CASE WHEN Col Is NULL Then 1 Else 0 End, Col

The 2 approaches with an integer data type

DECLARE @Temp table(Col int)
INSERT INTO @Temp VALUES(1)
INSERT INTO @Temp VALUES(555)
INSERT INTO @Temp VALUES(444)
INSERT INTO @Temp VALUES(333)
INSERT INTO @Temp VALUES(5656565)
INSERT INTO @Temp VALUES(3)
INSERT INTO @Temp VALUES(NULL)
INSERT INTO @Temp VALUES(NULL)

SELECT *
FROM @Temp
ORDER BY COALESCE(Col,'2147483647')

SELECT *
FROM @Temp
ORDER BY CASE WHEN Col Is NULL Then 1 Else 0 End, Col

SQL Gotcha: Do you know what data type is used when running ad-hoc queries?

This is for SQL Server 2000 only, SQL Server 2005 is a lot smarter which is another reason to upgrade.
When running the following query you probably already know that 2 is converted to an int datatype


SELECT *
FROM Table
WHERE ID =2

What about the value 2222222222? Do you think since it can't fit into an int that it will be a bigint? Let's test that out.
First create this table.

CREATE TABLE TestAdHoc (id bigint primary key)

INSERT INTO TestAdHoc
SELECT 1 UNION
SELECT 2433253453453466666 UNION
SELECT 2 UNION
SELECT 3 UNION
SELECT 4 UNION
SELECT 5 UNION
SELECT 6


Now let's run these 2 queries which return the same data

SELECT *
FROM TestAdHoc
WHERE ID =2433253453453466666



SELECT *
FROM TestAdHoc
WHERE ID =CONVERT(bigint,2433253453453466666)

Now run the following SET statement and run the 2 queries again

SET SHOWPLAN_TEXT ON

SELECT *
FROM TestAdHoc
WHERE ID =2433253453453466666


SELECT *
FROM TestAdHoc
WHERE ID =CONVERT(bigint,2433253453453466666)

And what do we see?

First Query
--Nested Loops(Inner Join, OUTER REFERENCES:([Expr1002], [Expr1003], [Expr1004]))
--Compute Scalar(DEFINE:([Expr1002]=Convert([@1])-1,
[Expr1003]=Convert([@1])+1, [Expr1004]=If (Convert([@1])-1=NULL)
then 0 else 6If (Convert([@1])+1=NULL) then 0 else 10))
--Constant Scan
--Clustered Index Seek(OBJECT:([Blog].[dbo].[TestAdHoc].[PK__TestAdHoc__2818EA29]),
SEEK:([TestAdHoc].[id] > [Expr1002] AND [TestAdHoc].[id] < [Expr1003]), WHERE:(Convert([TestAdHoc].[id])=[@1]) ORDERED FORWARD)

Second Query
--Clustered Index Seek(OBJECT:([Blog].[dbo].[TestAdHoc].[PK__TestAdHoc__2818EA29]),
SEEK:([TestAdHoc].[id]=2433253453453466666) ORDERED FORWARD)


The first query has a much different execution plan than the second query. The first execution plan has a lot more than the second execution plan and will be a little slower.

So how do you know what dataype the value is converted to? Here is a simple SQL query which I first saw on Louis Davidson's blog. Just run this query.

SELECT CAST(SQL_VARIANT_PROPERTY(2433253453453466666,'BaseType') AS varchar(20)) + '(' +
CAST(SQL_VARIANT_PROPERTY(2433253453453466666,'Precision') AS varchar(10)) + ',' +
CAST(SQL_VARIANT_PROPERTY(2433253453453466666,'Scale') AS varchar(10)) + ')'

So the output is this numeric(19,0). So instead of a bigint SQL Server converts the value to a numeric data type.
Here is another query which demonstrates the different datatypes used.


SELECT CAST(SQL_VARIANT_PROPERTY(2,'BaseType') AS varchar(20))
UNION ALL
SELECT CAST(SQL_VARIANT_PROPERTY(222222222,'BaseType') AS varchar(20))
UNION ALL
SELECT CAST(SQL_VARIANT_PROPERTY(2222222222,'BaseType') AS varchar(20))


So when running ad-hoc queries it is always a good practice to use parameters or inline convert statements.

Cannot resolve collation conflict for equal to operation.

You set up your linked server, you write a query which joins two tables, you execute the query and the error message is this
Cannot resolve collation conflict for equal to operation


What does this mean? This mean that the collation on the two tables is different

Let's look at an example. Le's create two tables, onme with Traditional_Spanish_CI_AI collation and one with the default. The default collation for me is SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS.


CREATE TABLE #Foo (SomeCol varchar(50) COLLATE Traditional_Spanish_CI_AI)
CREATE TABLE #Foo2 (SomeCol varchar(50))


INSERT #Foo VALUES ('AAA')
INSERT #Foo VALUES ('BBB')
INSERT #Foo VALUES ('CCC')
INSERT #Foo VALUES ('DDD')

INSERT #Foo2 VALUES ('AAA')
INSERT #Foo2 VALUES ('BBB')
INSERT #Foo2 VALUES ('CCC')
INSERT #Foo2 VALUES ('DDD')

Now run this query and you will get the error message

SELECT * FROM #Foo F1
JOIN #Foo2 f2 ON f1.SomeCol = f2.SomeCol


Server: Msg 446, Level 16, State 9, Line 1
Cannot resolve collation conflict for equal to operation.

Now add COLLATE Traditional_Spanish_CI_AI to #Foo2 SomeCol

SELECT * FROM #Foo F1
JOIN #Foo2 f2 ON f1.SomeCol = f2.SomeCol COLLATE Traditional_Spanish_CI_AI

That works, if you add COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS to #Foo SomeCol that will work also


SELECT * FROM #Foo F1
JOIN #Foo2 f2 ON f1.SomeCol COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS = f2.SomeCol


If you want to know what these collations mean then run the following query (yes that is not a typo it is indeed ::).

SELECT *
FROM ::fn_helpcollations()
WHERE name in('SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS','Traditional_Spanish_CI_AI')

Traditional_Spanish_CI_AI
Traditional-Spanish,
case-insensitive,
accent-insensitive,
kanatype-insensitive,
width-insensitive

SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS
Latin1-General,
case-insensitive,
accent-sensitive,
kanatype-insensitive,
width-insensitive for Unicode Data,
SQL Server Sort Order 52 on Code Page 1252 for non-Unicode Data

How To Protect Yourself From Fat-Finger Sally, Crazy Bosses and Other SQL Villains

You all have been through this at least once in your life. In your shop there is this one person who likes to use Enterprise Manager as their Rapid Data Entry Application. We all know how these people operate; they delete rows, drop tables and all kinds of other funky stuff. SQL Server 2005 has DDL triggers to help you protect against these scoundrels. What about if you are still running that piece of software from the late Triassic period known as SQL Server 2000, what can help you in that case? Don’t worry I will show you a way but first I will tell you a story. About 6 years ago I worked in New York City as a consultant on a project for a nonprofit organization. I looked in the database and found this table which was named YesNoTable. I was curious I opened the table and noticed it had only 2 rows. Here is what was stored in the table.

0 no
1 yes

I dropped it immediately. 5 minutes went by and suddenly the CRM application was broken. They ran the debugger and found out a table was missing. Luckily for me it was very easy to recreate this table. And yes, we did get rid of it soon after. Now had the table be used by a view which had been created with schemabinding I would not be able to drop the table without dropping the view first. You see even I became a SQL villain one time.

What the code below does is it will loop through all the user created tables then union them all, I created a where 1 =0 WHERE clause just in case someone decides to open the view. Since a union can only have 250 selects or so, I have created the code so that you can specify how many tables per view you would like, you do that with the @UnionCount variable.

The code does print statements it does not create the views

If you run the code in the msdb database and you specify 5 as the @UnionCount your output will be this

-- ****************************
-- **** View Starts Here *****
-- ****************************
CREATE VIEW DoNotDropMe_1 WITH SCHEMABINDING
AS
SELECT 1 As Col1 FROM [dbo].[log_shipping_databases]
WHERE 1=0
UNION ALL
SELECT 1 As Col1 FROM [dbo].[log_shipping_monitor]
WHERE 1=0
UNION ALL
SELECT 1 As Col1 FROM [dbo].[log_shipping_plan_databases]
WHERE 1=0
UNION ALL
SELECT 1 As Col1 FROM [dbo].[log_shipping_plan_history]
WHERE 1=0
UNION ALL
SELECT 1 As Col1 FROM [dbo].[log_shipping_plans]
WHERE 1=0
GO


-- ****************************
-- **** View Starts Here *****
-- ****************************
CREATE VIEW DoNotDropMe_2 WITH SCHEMABINDING
AS
SELECT 1 As Col1 FROM [dbo].[RTblClassDefs]
WHERE 1=0
UNION ALL
SELECT 1 As Col1 FROM [dbo].[RTblDatabaseVersion]
WHERE 1=0
UNION ALL
SELECT 1 As Col1 FROM [dbo].[RTblDBMProps]
WHERE 1=0
UNION ALL
SELECT 1 As Col1 FROM [dbo].[RTblDBXProps]
WHERE 1=0
UNION ALL
SELECT 1 As Col1 FROM [dbo].[RTblDTMProps]
WHERE 1=0
GO


The code is not very complex if there are more tables in the DB than you specify in the @UnionCount variable then it will do them in chunks of whatever you specified, if there are less then it will do all of them in 1 view.
Below is the code, if you have any questions then feel free to leave a comment.

USE msdb
SET NOCOUNT ON

DECLARE @UnionCount int
SELECT @UnionCount = 20

IF @UnionCount > 250 OR @UnionCount <1
BEGIN
RAISERROR ('@UnionCount has to be between 1 and 250', 16, 1)
RETURN
END

SELECT identity(int,1,1) AS id,QUOTENAME(table_schema) + '.' + QUOTENAME(table_name) AS tablename
INTO #Tables
FROM information_schema.tables
WHERE table_type ='base table'
AND OBJECTPROPERTY(OBJECT_ID(table_name),'IsMSShipped') = 0
ORDER BY table_name

DECLARE @maxloop int
DECLARE @loop int
DECLARE @tablename varchar(200)




SELECT @maxloop = MAX(id)
FROM #Tables

BEGIN
DECLARE @OuterLoopCount int, @OuterLoop int

SELECT @OuterLoopCount = COUNT(*) FROM #Tables
WHERE id %@UnionCount =0

SELECT @OuterLoopCount = COALESCE(NULLIF(@OuterLoopCount,0),1)



IF (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM #Tables) % 10 <> 0
SELECT @OuterLoopCount = @OuterLoopCount +1

SELECT @OuterLoop =1

SELECT @Loop = MIN(id),@maxloop=MAX(id)
FROM #Tables WHERE ID <= @UnionCount * @OuterLoop

WHILE @OuterLoop <=@OuterLoopCount
BEGIN
SELECT @Loop = MIN(id),@maxloop=MAX(id)
FROM #Tables WHERE ID <= @UnionCount * @OuterLoop
AND id > (@UnionCount * @OuterLoop) - @UnionCount


PRINT'-- **************************** '
PRINT'-- **** View Starts Here ***** '
PRINT'-- **************************** '
PRINT 'CREATE VIEW DoNotDropMe_' + CONVERT(VARCHAR(10),@OuterLoop) + ' WITH SCHEMABINDING'+ char(10) + 'AS'
WHILE @Loop <= @maxloop
BEGIN
SELECT @tablename = tablename
FROM #Tables
WHERE id = @Loop
PRINT 'SELECT 1 As Col1 FROM ' + @tablename + char(10) + 'WHERE 1=0'
IF @Loop < @maxloop
PRINT UNION ALL'
SET @Loop = @Loop + 1

END
SET @OuterLoop = @OuterLoop + 1
PRINT 'GO'
PRINT ''
PRINT ''

END
END


DROP table #Tables


Cross-posted from SQLBlog! - http://www.sqlblog.com/

Speed Up Performance And Slash Your Table Size By 90% By Using Bitwise Logic

You have all seen websites where you can pick a bunch of categories by selection a bunch of check boxes. usually what you do is store those in a lookup table and then you create another table where you store all the categories for each customer.
What if I tell you that you can store all that info in 1 row instead of 10 rows if a customer picked 10 categories.
Take a look at this

1 Classic Rock
2 Hard Rock
4 Speed/Trash Metal
You will store a value of 1 + 2 + 4 = 7(you just sum the values)

Now run this to check, the result will be 7 for a match and some other value otherwise

select 7 | 1,
7 | 2,
7 |3,
7 |4,
7 |5,
7 |6,
7 |7,
7 |8,
7 |20

What is this |(pipe symbol)?
From Books on line
The bitwise operator performs a bitwise logical OR between the two expressions, taking each corresponding bit for both expressions. The bits in the result are set to 1 if either or both bits (for the current bit being resolved) in the input expressions have a value of 1; if neither bit in the input expressions is 1, the bit in the result is set to 0.
The bitwise operator requires two expressions, and it can be used on expressions of only the integer data type category.

Here is how you would typically use this, first create this table

CREATE TABLE NumbersTable (Num int)
INSERT NumbersTable VALUES(1)
INSERT NumbersTable VALUES(2)
INSERT NumbersTable VALUES(3)
INSERT NumbersTable VALUES(4)
INSERT NumbersTable VALUES(5)
INSERT NumbersTable VALUES(6)
INSERT NumbersTable VALUES(7)
INSERT NumbersTable VALUES(8)
INSERT NumbersTable VALUES(9)
INSERT NumbersTable VALUES(10)
INSERT NumbersTable VALUES(11)
INSERT NumbersTable VALUES(12)
GO

Now run this

SELECT Num,
CASE 7 |Num WHEN 7 THEN 'Yes' ELSE 'No' END AS COL
FROM NumbersTable

Here is the output

Num COL
---- ---
1 Yes
2 Yes
3 Yes
4 Yes
5 Yes
6 Yes
7 Yes
8 No
9 No
10 No
11 No
12 No

Okay enough theory let's start with some SQL code. First create this table which will hold all the categories

CREATE TABLE MusicChoice (ID INT PRIMARY KEY,
ChoiceDescription VARCHAR(100))

INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(1,'Classic Rock')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(2,'Hard Rock')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(3,'Speed/Trash Metal')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(4,'Classical')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(5,'Rap')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(6,'Blues')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(7,'Jazz')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(8,'Alternative Rock')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(9,'Easy Listening')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(10,'Progressive Rock')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(11,'Punk Rock')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(12,'Swing')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(13,'Techno')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(14,'Pop')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(15,'Disco')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(16,'Big Band')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(17,'Gospel')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(18,'Heavy Metal')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(19,'House')
INSERT MusicChoice VALUES(20,'Celtic')
Now create the Bitwise table

CREATE TABLE BitwiseMusicChoice (ID INT PRIMARY KEY,
ChoiceDescription VARCHAR(100))

We will use the POWER function to create the correct values
run this

SELECT id,POWER(2,id-1)BitID,ChoiceDescription
FROM MusicChoice

Here is the output
id BitID ChoiceDescription
1 1 Classic Rock
2 2 Hard Rock
3 4 Speed/Trash Metal
4 8 Classical
5 16 Rap
6 32 Blues
7 64 Jazz
8 128 Alternative Rock
9 256 Easy Listening
10 512 Progressive Rock
11 1024 Punk Rock
12 2048 Swing
13 4096 Techno
14 8192 Pop
15 16384 Disco
16 32768 Big Band
17 65536 Gospel
18 131072 Heavy Metal
19 262144 House
20 524288 Celtic

Now insert it into the BitwiseMusicChoice table

INSERT BitwiseMusicChoice
SELECT POWER(2,id-1)BitID,ChoiceDescription
FROM MusicChoice

Now create this customer table


CREATE TABLE Customer (CustomerID int identity, CustomerCode uniqueidentifier not null)

Insert these 5 values first, we will use these to compare performance later

INSERT Customer VALUES('1DAB5C03-BC23-4FB5-AC3D-A46489459FE9')
INSERT Customer VALUES('F7DDCDBC-F646-493A-B872-4E2E82EA8E14')
INSERT Customer VALUES('E8A4C3D2-AEB0-4821-A49D-3BF085354448')
INSERT Customer VALUES('52581088-C427-4D2F-A782-250564D44D8C')
INSERT Customer VALUES('1B2622C4-6C17-4E74-99D6-336197FBBCFF')

Now we will insert a total of 10000 customers

SET NOCOUNT ON
BEGIN TRAN
DECLARE @LoopCounter INT
SET @LoopCounter = 6
WHILE @LoopCounter <= 10000
BEGIN
INSERT Customer VALUES(NEWID())
SET @LoopCounter = @LoopCounter + 1
END
COMMIT WORK
GO

Now add the primary key

ALTER TABLE Customer ADD CONSTRAINT pk_Customer PRIMARY KEY (CustomerCode)

Create another table to hold the choices

CREATE TABLE CustomerMusicChoice (id INT identity, MusicChoiceID int, CustomerCode uniqueidentifier)

ALTER TABLE CustomerMusicChoice ADD CONSTRAINT fk_MusicChoice_ID FOREIGN KEY (MusicChoiceID) REFERENCES MusicChoice(ID)

ALTER TABLE CustomerMusicChoice ADD CONSTRAINT fk_CustomerCode FOREIGN KEY (CustomerCode)REFERENCES Customer(CustomerCode)

For each customer insert 10 random choices, this should run less than a minute

SET NOCOUNT ON
BEGIN TRAN
DECLARE @LoopCounter INT
DECLARE @CustID uniqueidentifier
SET @LoopCounter = 1
WHILE @LoopCounter <= 10000
BEGIN
SELECT @CustID = CustomerCode
FROM Customer
WHERE CustomerID = @LoopCounter
INSERT Customer VALUES(NEWID())
INSERT CustomerMusicChoice(MusicChoiceID,CustomerCode)
SELECT TOP 10 id,@CustID
FROM MusicChoice
ORDER BY NEWID()
SET @LoopCounter = @LoopCounter + 1
END
COMMIT WORK
GO

Now add these indexes
CREATE INDEX ix_CustomerMusicChoice_Cust On CustomerMusicChoice(CustomerCode)

CREATE INDEX ix_CustomerMusicChoice_ID On CustomerMusicChoice(MusicChoiceID)

Create the BitwiseCustomerMusicChoice which will hold the Bitwise values

CREATE TABLE BitwiseCustomerMusicChoice (id INT identity, MusicChoiceID int, CustomerCode uniqueidentifier not null)

This will populate the BitwiseCustomerMusicChoice table

INSERT INTO BitwiseCustomerMusicChoice
SELECT SUM(POWER(2,MusicChoiceID-1)) as MusicChoiceID,CustomerCode
FROM CustomerMusicChoice
GROUP BY CustomerCode

Add the index and foreign key

ALTER TABLE BitwiseCustomerMusicChoice ADD CONSTRAINT pk_BitwiseCustomerMusicChoice PRIMARY KEY (CustomerCode)

ALTER TABLE BitwiseCustomerMusicChoice ADD CONSTRAINT fk_BitwiseCustomerCode FOREIGN KEY (CustomerCode)REFERENCES Customer(CustomerCode)

Now let's test performance. Hit CTRL + K (SQL 2000) or CTRL + M (SQL 2005)

These 2 queries will return something like this

ID ChoiceDescription Picked
8 Alternative Rock No
16 Big Band  No
6 Blues   No
20 Celtic   No
1 Classic Rock  No
4 Classical  Yes
15 Disco   Yes
9 Easy Listening  Yes
17 Gospel   No
2 Hard Rock  No
18 Heavy Metal  Yes
19 House   Yes
7 Jazz   Yes
14 Pop   Yes
10 Progressive  Rock Yes
11 Punk Rock  No
5 Rap   No
3 Speed/Trash Metal Yes
12 Swing   Yes
13 Techno   No

SELECT mc.ID,ChoiceDescription,CASE WHEN CustomerCode IS NULL THEN 'No' ELSE 'Yes' END Picked
FROM CustomerMusicChoice cmc
RIGHT JOIN MusicChoice mc on cmc.MusicChoiceID = mc.id
AND CustomerCode ='1DAB5C03-BC23-4FB5-AC3D-A46489459FE9'
ORDER BY ChoiceDescription

SELECT bmc.ID,ChoiceDescription,
CASE WHEN bmc.ID |MusicChoiceID =MusicChoiceID THEN 'Yes'
ELSE 'No'
END AS Picked
FROM BitwiseCustomerMusicChoice cmc
CROSS JOIN BitwiseMusicChoice bmc
WHERE CustomerCode ='1DAB5C03-BC23-4FB5-AC3D-A46489459FE9'
ORDER BY ChoiceDescription

Look at the execution plan
67.60% against 32.40% not bad right?

Now run this, we will add AND bmc.ID > 0 to both queries. This will change an index scan to an index seek in the bottom query

SELECT mc.ID,ChoiceDescription,CASE WHEN CustomerCode IS NULL THEN 'No' ELSE 'Yes' END Picked
FROM CustomerMusicChoice cmc
RIGHT JOIN MusicChoice mc on cmc.MusicChoiceID = mc.id
AND CustomerCode ='1DAB5C03-BC23-4FB5-AC3D-A46489459FE9'
AND mc.ID > 0
ORDER BY ChoiceDescription

SELECT bmc.ID,ChoiceDescription,
CASE WHEN bmc.ID |MusicChoiceID =MusicChoiceID THEN 'Yes'
ELSE 'No'
END AS Picked
FROM BitwiseCustomerMusicChoice cmc
CROSS JOIN BitwiseMusicChoice bmc
WHERE CustomerCode ='1DAB5C03-BC23-4FB5-AC3D-A46489459FE9'
AND bmc.ID > 0
ORDER BY ChoiceDescription

That improved the performance a little. 82.75% against 17.25%

Now look at the tables, after running dbcc showcontig you can see that the BitwiseCustomerMusicChoice is about 1/10th the size of the CustomerMusicChoice table which is as expected.


dbcc showcontig ('BitwiseCustomerMusicChoice')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBCC SHOWCONTIG scanning 'BitwiseCustomerMusicChoice' table...
Table: 'BitwiseCustomerMusicChoice' (772197801); index ID: 1, database ID: 26
TABLE level scan performed.
- Pages Scanned................................: 41
- Extents Scanned..............................: 6
- Extent Switches..............................: 5
- Avg. Pages per Extent........................: 6.8
- Scan Density [Best Count:Actual Count].......: 100.00% [6:6]
- Logical Scan Fragmentation ..................: 0.00%
- Extent Scan Fragmentation ...................: 0.00%
- Avg. Bytes Free per Page.....................: 48.0
- Avg. Page Density (full).....................: 99.41%
DBCC execution completed. If DBCC printed error messages, contact your system administrator.

dbcc showcontig ('CustomerMusicChoice')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBCC SHOWCONTIG scanning 'CustomerMusicChoice' table...
Table: 'CustomerMusicChoice' (724197630); index ID: 0, database ID: 26
TABLE level scan performed.
- Pages Scanned................................: 428
- Extents Scanned..............................: 55
- Extent Switches..............................: 54
- Avg. Pages per Extent........................: 7.8
- Scan Density [Best Count:Actual Count].......: 98.18% [54:55]
- Extent Scan Fragmentation ...................: 40.00%
- Avg. Bytes Free per Page.....................: 386.5
- Avg. Page Density (full).....................: 95.22%
DBCC execution completed. If DBCC printed error messages, contact your system administrator.


What happens if you want to get the total count of for example Classical?

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM CustomerMusicChoice cmc
JOIN MusicChoice mc on cmc.MusicChoiceID = mc.id
WHERE mc.ChoiceDescription ='Classical'

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM BitwiseCustomerMusicChoice cmc
JOIN BitwiseMusicChoice bmc ON bmc.ID |MusicChoiceID =MusicChoiceID
WHERE bmc.ChoiceDescription ='Classical'

Here are execution plans for SQl Server 2000 and 2005

As you can see SQL Server 2005 has a bigger difference than SQL Server 2000

Now let's look at the overal picture, on a busy system you will have the customer queries running many times an hour/day. The report queries will run maybe a couple a times a day. I think this trade off is perfectly acceptable because overall your system will perform better. Another thing to keep in mind is that instead of 10 inserts you only have to do 1, same with updates, all these little things add up to a lot eventualy.

So as you can see using bitwise logic is a great way to accomplish a couple of things
Reduce table size
Speed up backup and recovery because your table is much smaller
Improve performance

Of course you have to do some testing for yourself because it might not be appropriate for your design. If your system is more of an OLAP than OLTP type of system then don't bother implementing this since it won't help you.

Cross-posted from SQLBlog! - http://www.sqlblog.com