Gotcha with the LEAD analytical function and date datatype

The other day some code that used the LEAD analytical function stopped working suddenly. It started to throw an error.

Msg 206, Level 16, State 2, Line 1

Operand type clash: date is incompatible with int

The code wasn't touched in a long time... so what could be the issue. Let's reproduce it here

First create the following table

CREATE TABLE testRunningTotal(Id tinyint,SomeDate datetime, Charge decimal(20,2))

INSERT testRunningTotal
SELECT 1,'20120101',1000
UNION ALL
SELECT 1,'20120401',200
UNION ALL
SELECT 1,'20120501',300
UNION ALL
SELECT 1,'20120601',600
UNION ALL
SELECT 2,'20120101',100
UNION ALL
SELECT 2,'20130101',500
UNION ALL
SELECT 2,'20140101',-800
UNION ALL
SELECT 3,'20120101',100

Running this query to see what is in this table

SELECT * FROM testRunningTotal

Id SomeDate Charge

1 2012-01-01 00:00:00.000 1000.00

1 2012-04-01 00:00:00.000 200.00

1 2012-05-01 00:00:00.000 300.00

1 2012-06-01 00:00:00.000 600.00

2 2012-01-01 00:00:00.000 100.00

2 2013-01-01 00:00:00.000 500.00

2 2014-01-01 00:00:00.000 -800.00

3 2012-01-01 00:00:00.000 100.00

Now run our fancy query...

SELECT id, someDate as StartDate,
LEAD(SomeDate -1,1,'99991231') 
 OVER (PARTITION BY id ORDER BY SomeDate) as Enddate,
  Charge,
  SUM(Charge) OVER (PARTITION BY id ORDER BY SomeDate 
     ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) 
          AS RunningTotal
  FROM testRunningTotal
  ORDER BY id, SomeDate

Here are our results

id StartDate Enddate Charge RunningTotal

1 2012-01-01 00:00:00.000 2012-03-31 00:00:00.000 1000.00 1000.00

1 2012-04-01 00:00:00.000 2012-04-30 00:00:00.000 200.00 1200.00

1 2012-05-01 00:00:00.000 2012-05-31 00:00:00.000 300.00 1500.00

1 2012-06-01 00:00:00.000 9999-12-31 00:00:00.000 600.00 2100.00

2 2012-01-01 00:00:00.000 2012-12-31 00:00:00.000 100.00 100.00

2 2013-01-01 00:00:00.000 2013-12-31 00:00:00.000 500.00 600.00

2 2014-01-01 00:00:00.000 9999-12-31 00:00:00.000 -800.00 -200.00

3 2012-01-01 00:00:00.000 9999-12-31 00:00:00.000 100.00 100.00

To see what the query actually does, visit this post Easy running totals with windowing functions

Let's take a closer look at the LEAD analytical function, this is what Books On Line has on its page

  LEAD ( scalar_expression [ ,offset ] , [ default ] ) 

    OVER ( [ partition_by_clause ] order_by_clause )

offset

The number of rows forward from the current row from which to obtain a value. If not specified, the default is 1. offset can be a column, subquery, or other expression that evaluates to a positive integer or can be implicitly converted to bigint. offset cannot be a negative value or an analytic function.

Looks all cool to me..nothing that stands out that could cause a problem...

What will happen if someone changes the column from a datetime to a date? Maybe they looked at the data and saw that all the values had only dates and no time components... why use 8 bytes of storage when you can use 3 instead?

To find out exactly what will happen, run the following DDL statement....

ALTER TABLE testRunningTotal ALTER COLUMN SomeDate date

Now go run your query again

SELECT id, someDate as StartDate,
LEAD(SomeDate -1,1,'99991231') 
 OVER (PARTITION BY id ORDER BY SomeDate) as Enddate,
  Charge,
  SUM(Charge) OVER (PARTITION BY id ORDER BY SomeDate 
     ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) 
          AS RunningTotal
  FROM testRunningTotal
  ORDER BY id, SomeDate

Here is the error you get

  Msg 206, Level 16, State 2, Line 1

Operand type clash: date is incompatible with int

The error is the same as if you would run the following

SELECT CONVERT(DATE,GETDATE() )-1

Instead what you have to do is use the DATEADD function to do arithmetic with dates

SELECT DATEADD(dd,-1,CONVERT(DATE,GETDATE()))

So to fix our query from before, we want to change the -1 to be DATEADD(dd,-1 instead, here is what our query looks like

 SELECT id, someDate as StartDate,
LEAD(dateadd(dd,-1,SomeDate),1,'99991231') 
 OVER (PARTITION BY id ORDER BY SomeDate) as Enddate,
  Charge,
  SUM(Charge) OVER (PARTITION BY id ORDER BY SomeDate 
     ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) 
          AS RunningTotal
  FROM testRunningTotal
  ORDER BY id, SomeDate

And here are our results, it's all good now

id StartDate Enddate Charge RunningTotal

1 2012-01-01 2012-03-31 1000.00 1000.00

1 2012-04-01 2012-04-30 200.00 1200.00

1 2012-05-01 2012-05-31 300.00 1500.00

1 2012-06-01 9999-12-31 600.00 2100.00

2 2012-01-01 2012-12-31 100.00 100.00

2 2013-01-01 2013-12-31 500.00 600.00

2 2014-01-01 9999-12-31 -800.00 -200.00

3 2012-01-01 9999-12-31 100.00 100.00

I still think that maybe the LEAD function should do this conversion internally since all we are doing is specifying the OFFSET...what is your opinion?

Did you know I have a github repository for stuff I run over and over?

There are queries or commands that I run every now and then. I typically don’t have these stored on my computer; to find this code I usually find the blog post I made and copy paste it from there. This becomes a pain in the neck sometimes because I don’t quite remember the title of the post, so I might be spending a good amount of time looking for it. I decided to put some of the code that I run frequently up on github.

You will see code to find index fragmentation as well code to concatenate rows into columns. So there are two kinds of code here. Code that you can run as is and code that you will plug into a stored procedure after you make changes to the table names. You can find that github repository here https://github.com/SQLMenace/CommonTasks

Besides the Common Tasks repository, I also have a Today I Learned repository. A collection of concise write-ups on small things I learn day to day across a variety of languages and technologies. These are things that don't really warrant a full blog post.

You can find that project here https://github.com/SQLMenace/til

With the Today I Learned repository you will find that there are not many things yet. The reason is that I just started this repository, but since SQl Server 2016 is just around the corner, I will start playing around with SQL Server 2016 more and more, thus the Today I Learned repository will become bigger soon.

Easy running totals with windowing functions

Back in the pre SQL Server 2012 days, if you wanted to do a running count, you either had to run a subquery or you could use a variable. This was slow because for each row the query that did the sum would be executed. With the additions to the windowing functions in SQL Server 2012, this is now running much faster. 

Let's take a look, first create the following table

CREATE TABLE #test(Id tinyint,SomeDate date, Charge decimal(20,10))

insert #test
SELECT 1,'20120101',1000
UNION ALL
SELECT 1,'20120401',200
UNION ALL
SELECT 1,'20120501',300
UNION ALL
SELECT 1,'20120601',600
UNION ALL
SELECT 2,'20120101',100
UNION ALL
SELECT 2,'20130101',500
UNION ALL
SELECT 2,'20140101',-800
UNION ALL
SELECT 3,'20120101',100

let's check that data we just inserted into the temporary table

SELECT * FROM #test

The output looks like this

Id SomeDate Charge
1 2012-01-01 1000.0000000000
1 2012-04-01 200.0000000000
1 2012-05-01 300.0000000000
1 2012-06-01 600.0000000000
2 2012-01-01 100.0000000000
2 2013-01-01 500.0000000000
2 2014-01-01 -800.0000000000
3 2012-01-01 100.0000000000

What we want is the following

id StartDate Enddate         Charge         RunningTotal
1 2012-01-01 2012-03-31 1000.0000000000 1000.0000000000
1 2012-04-01 2012-04-30 200.0000000000 1200.0000000000
1 2012-05-01 2012-05-31 300.0000000000 1500.0000000000
1 2012-06-01 9999-12-31 600.0000000000 2100.0000000000
2 2012-01-01 2012-12-31 100.0000000000 100.0000000000
2 2013-01-01 2013-12-31 500.0000000000 600.0000000000
2 2014-01-01 9999-12-31 -800.0000000000 -200.0000000000
3 2012-01-01 9999-12-31 100.0000000000 100.0000000000

For each row, we want to have the date that the row starts on and also the date when it end, we also want a running total as well. If there is no row after the current row for that id, we want the end date to be 9999-12-31.

So we will use a couple of functions. The first one is LEAD, LEAD accesses data from a subsequent row in the same result set without the use of a self-join. So the LEAD part looks like this

LEAD(dateadd(dd,-1,SomeDate),1,'99991231')  OVER (PARTITION BY id ORDER BY SomeDate) as Enddate,

What we are doing is subtracting 1 from the date in the subsequent row (ateadd(dd,-1,SomeDate))
We are using 1 as the offset since we want to apply this to the next row. Finally if there is no subsequent row, we want to use the date 9999-12-31 instead of NULL

To do the running count, we will do the following

SUM(Charge) OVER (PARTITION BY id ORDER BY SomeDate
     ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)
          AS RunningTotal

What this means in English is for each id ordered by date, sum up the charge values for the rows between the preceding rows and the current row. Here is what all that stuff means.

ROWS BETWEEN
Specifies the rows that make up the range to use as implied by

UNBOUNDED PRECEDING
Specifies that the window starts at the first row of the partition. UNBOUNDED PRECEDING can only be specified as window starting point.

CURRENT ROW
Specifies that the window starts or ends at the current row when used with ROWS or the current value when used with RANGE.
CURRENT ROW can be specified as both a starting and ending point.

And here is the query

SELECT id, someDate as StartDate,
LEAD(dateadd(dd,-1,SomeDate),1,'99991231') 
 OVER (PARTITION BY id ORDER BY SomeDate) as Enddate,
  Charge,
  SUM(Charge) OVER (PARTITION BY id ORDER BY SomeDate 
     ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) 
          AS RunningTotal
  FROM #test
  ORDER BY id, SomeDate

And running that query, gives us the running count as well as the dates

id StartDate Enddate         Charge         RunningTotal
1 2012-01-01 2012-03-31 1000.0000000000 1000.0000000000
1 2012-04-01 2012-04-30 200.0000000000 1200.0000000000
1 2012-05-01 2012-05-31 300.0000000000 1500.0000000000
1 2012-06-01 9999-12-31 600.0000000000 2100.0000000000
2 2012-01-01 2011-12-31 100.0000000000 100.0000000000
2 2012-01-01 2011-13-31 500.0000000000 600.0000000000
2 2012-01-01 9999-12-31 -800.0000000000 -200.0000000000
3 2012-01-01 9999-12-31 100.0000000000 100.0000000000

That's all for this post...

#BackToBasics returning rows with maximum values from a table

In the A challenge for 2016....... accepted! post I said that I would write a post once every month that would explain very basic stuff about SQL Server. Today is the second post, in this post we will take a look at how you can return the row with the maximum value for a group.

In order to explain the code in this post, I decided to grab the top largest cities in the world as the data. You can find the data here List of cities proper by population

 Below is the SQL code to create a table and also the data to populate this table

create table #Temp( Rank int not null, 
 City varchar(100) not null,
 Population int not null,
 Density int not null,
 Country varchar(100))

INSERT #Temp
SELECT 1,'Shanghai',24256800,3826,'China' union all
SELECT 2,'Karachi',23500000,6663,'Pakistan' union all
SELECT 3,'Beijing',21516000,1311,'China' union all
SELECT 4,'Lagos',21324000,18206,'Nigeria' union all
SELECT 5,'Delhi',16787941,11320,'India' union all
SELECT 6,'Tianjin',15200000,1293,'China' union all
SELECT 7,'Istanbul',14160467,2593,'Turkey' union all
SELECT 8,'Tokyo',13297629,6075,'Japan' union all
SELECT 9,'Guangzhou',13080500,1759,'China' union all
SELECT 10,'Mumbai',12478447,20680,'India' union all
SELECT 11,'Moscow',12197596,4859,'Russia' union all
SELECT 12,'São Paulo',11895893,7821,'Brazil' union all
SELECT 13,'Shenzhen',10467400,5256,'China' union all
SELECT 14,'Jakarta',10075310,15171,'Indonesia' union all
SELECT 15,'Seoul',10048850,17134,'South Korea' 

Now that we have the data in our table, let's run a simple query to return the row with the most populous city in the world. You can accomplish this in SQL Server by using the TOP operator and ordering the data by population in descending order.

SELECT TOP 1 * FROM #Temp
ORDER BY population DESC

Here is the output from that query

Rank City  Population Density Country
1 Shanghai 24256800 3826 China

What we want to do next is return one row the most populous city per country.

So let's take it a step at a time, the query below will give you the maximum population by country

SELECT MAX(population) as BiggestPopulation,Country
FROM #Temp
GROUP BY Country
ORDER BY BiggestPopulation DESC

Here is the output

BiggestPopulation Country
24256800  China
23500000  Pakistan
21324000  Nigeria
16787941  India
14160467  Turkey
13297629  Japan
12197596  Russia
11895893  Brazil
10075310  Indonesia
10048850  South Korea

What we can do is join the query we have above with the table itself on the country and population columns. The query will look like this

SELECT T.* FROM(
SELECT MAX(population) as BiggestPopulation,Country
FROM #Temp
GROUP BY Country) X
JOIN #Temp t on x.BiggestPopulation = t.Population
AND t.Country = x.Country
ORDER BY t.Population DESC

Here is the output

+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| Rank | City      | Population | Density | Country     |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 1    | Shanghai  | 24256800   | 3826    | China       |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 2    | Karachi   | 23500000   | 6663    | Pakistan    |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 4    | Lagos     | 21324000   | 18206   | Nigeria     |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 5    | Delhi     | 16787941   | 11320   | India       |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 7    | Istanbul  | 14160467   | 2593    | Turkey      |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 8    | Tokyo     | 13297629   | 6075    | Japan       |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 11   | Moscow    | 12197596   | 4859    | Russia      |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 12   | São Paulo | 11895893   | 7821    | Brazil      |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 14   | Jakarta   | 10075310   | 15171   | Indonesia   |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 15   | Seoul     | 10048850   | 17134   | South Korea |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+

SQL Server 2005 introduced a bunch of ranking/windowing functions which make writing these queries a little simpler. We are going to use ROW_NUMBER for this post. Here is what the query will look like


SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION By [what do you want it grouped/partitioned by?] ORDER BY [what do you want it ordered by?]) AS Row,* 
FROM Table

In our case, we want to partition the result set by country, we also want to order each partition by population descending. The query looks like this

SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION By Country ORDER BY population DESC) AS Row,*
FROM #Temp
ORDER BY Row,Population DESC

Here is what that query returns

+-----+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| Row | Rank | City      | Population | Density | Country     |
+-----+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 1   | 1    | Shanghai  | 24256800   | 3826    | China       |
+-----+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 1   | 2    | Karachi   | 23500000   | 6663    | Pakistan    |
+-----+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 1   | 4    | Lagos     | 21324000   | 18206   | Nigeria     |
+-----+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 1   | 5    | Delhi     | 16787941   | 11320   | India       |
+-----+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 1   | 7    | Istanbul  | 14160467   | 2593    | Turkey      |
+-----+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 1   | 8    | Tokyo     | 13297629   | 6075    | Japan       |
+-----+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 1   | 11   | Moscow    | 12197596   | 4859    | Russia      |
+-----+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 1   | 12   | São Paulo | 11895893   | 7821    | Brazil      |
+-----+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 1   | 14   | Jakarta   | 10075310   | 15171   | Indonesia   |
+-----+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 1   | 15   | Seoul     | 10048850   | 17134   | South Korea |
+-----+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 2   | 3    | Beijing   | 21516000   | 1311    | China       |
+-----+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 2   | 10   | Mumbai    | 12478447   | 20680   | India       |
+-----+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 3   | 6    | Tianjin   | 15200000   | 1293    | China       |
+-----+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 4   | 9    | Guangzhou | 13080500   | 1759    | China       |
+-----+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+
| 5   | 13   | Shenzhen  | 10467400   | 5256    | China       |
+-----+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+

What we really want is the top 10 rows. You might think that you can just add WHERE Row = 1 to the query. This is not allowed since the WHERE clause gets executed before the ROW_Number function as part of the SELECT. What you can do is use a common table expression and then specify WHERE Row = 1 when selecting from the CTE

Here is what it looks like

;WITH CTE AS(
SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION By Country ORDER BY population DESC) AS Row,*
FROM #Temp)

SELECT Rank, City,Population,Density,Country
FROM CTE
WHERE Row = 1
ORDER BY Population DESC

And here is our output, for each country we have only one row, you can also see that 4 cities from the top 10 are not in this list, those cities are in either China or India

+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+--+
| Rank | City      | Population | Density | Country     |  |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+--+
| 1    | Shanghai  | 24256800   | 3826    | China       |  |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+--+
| 2    | Karachi   | 23500000   | 6663    | Pakistan    |  |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+--+
| 4    | Lagos     | 21324000   | 18206   | Nigeria     |  |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+--+
| 5    | Delhi     | 16787941   | 11320   | India       |  |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+--+
| 7    | Istanbul  | 14160467   | 2593    | Turkey      |  |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+--+
| 8    | Tokyo     | 13297629   | 6075    | Japan       |  |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+--+
| 11   | Moscow    | 12197596   | 4859    | Russia      |  |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+--+
| 12   | São Paulo | 11895893   | 7821    | Brazil      |  |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+--+
| 14   | Jakarta   | 10075310   | 15171   | Indonesia   |  |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+--+
| 15   | Seoul     | 10048850   | 17134   | South Korea |  |
+------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------+--+

That is all for this month, see you next month. In the meantime, make sure to explore windowing/ranking functions as well as Common Table Expressions

How to store twitter search results from R into SQL Server

I was messing around with R and grabbing twitter searches from within R, after that I decided to store the result in a csv file. Instead of stroring the results in a file, what if I want to store that info into a SQL Server database? This is pretty easy to do. If you want to try this out yourself, first head on over to my other post Using twitter from the R console. There you will be able to see how to setup OAuth so that you can use twitter within R, you will also see how to install the R twitteR package as well.

Time to get started....

First let's see how to connect to SQL Server from R
To load data from SQL Server into R, you first need to create an ODBC Data Source, I created one named LocalSqlServer, this DSN Data Source points to my local SQL Server 2016 instance.

After you have created your ODBC data source, you need to load the (RODBC) package, create a connection, execute a query, display the results and close the connection.. Here is what it looks like in the R Console

> require(RODBC)

>db <- odbcConnect("LocalSqlServer")

> Sample <- sqlQuery(db, "select * from sysobjects", stringsAsFactors=FALSE)

> head(Sample)

> close(db)  #close ORDBC connection
     name          id xtype uid info status base_schema_ver
1      sp_MSalreadyhavegeneration -1073624922    P    4    0      0               0
2      sp_MSwritemergeperfcounter -1072815163    P    4    0      0               0
3       TABLE_PRIVILEGES -1072372588    V    3    0         
4       sp_replsetsyncstatus -1071944761    X    4    0      0               0
5       sp_replshowcmds -1070913306    P    4    0      0               0
6       sp_publishdb -1070573756    P    4    0      0               0

Now that we know how to connect to SQL Server, let's see if we can get the twitteR package to work, head on over to my other post Using twitter from the R console to see how to install twitterR and how some queries are executed.


Assuming the twitteR package is installed, we need to load it to use it

> library(twitteR)

The next command is the command to enable OAuth, to see how to set this up go here Using twitter from the R console

> setup_twitter_oauth("API key", "API secret", "Access token", "Access secret")

[1] "Using direct authentication"

Now it is time to do a simple search

> tweets <- searchTwitter('#rstats', n=6) 
> tweets





Running that command should have given you some results. However what we need as output is a dataframe, this way we can easily load this into a table in SQL Server. You can use the twListToDF function


> tweets <- searchTwitter('#rstats', n=6) 
> twListToDF(tweets)


The output now looks different

1                             RT @rquintino: @Mairos_B #sqlsatportugal session: all about R in #SqlServer 2016 #rstats https://t.co/DHrqIZrz1e
2                                                      a quick script to use imgcat in #rstats https://t.co/fpUlgWNX33 https://t.co/AhCCMLewCH
3 RT @KirkDBorne: Useful packages (libraries) for Data Analysis in R: https://t.co/haRKopFyly #DataScience #Rstats by @analyticsvidhya https:…
4                      Hey #rstats tweeps, do you have any readings to recommend on sensitivity analysis? Books/articles/websites all welcome.
5 RT @KirkDBorne: A Complete Tutorial on Time Series Modeling in R: https://t.co/7oI6JKyU4E #MachineLearning #DataScience #Rstats by @Analyti…
6 RT @KirkDBorne: A Complete Tutorial on Time Series Modeling in R: https://t.co/7oI6JKyU4E #MachineLearning #DataScience #Rstats by @Analyti…
  favorited favoriteCount replyToSN             created truncated replyToSID
1     FALSE             0        NA 2016-02-20 20:29:54     FALSE         NA
2     FALSE             0        NA 2016-02-20 20:24:50     FALSE         NA
3     FALSE             0        NA 2016-02-20 20:16:25     FALSE         NA
4     FALSE             0        NA 2016-02-20 20:11:08     FALSE         NA
5     FALSE             0        NA 2016-02-20 20:11:06     FALSE         NA
6     FALSE             0        NA 2016-02-20 20:02:05     FALSE         NA
                  id replyToUID
1 701141750161784834         NA
2 701140474019577856         NA
3 701138356466483204         NA
4 701137026075140096         NA
5 701137018508722176         NA
6 701134750296227840         NA
                                                                            statusSource
1                Mobile Web (M5)
2 Tweetbot for Mac
3   Twitter for Android
4                     Twitter Web Client
5     Twitter for iPhone
6                     Twitter Web Client
     screenName retweetCount isRetweet retweeted longitude latitude
1      psousa75            3      TRUE     FALSE        NA       NA
2      millerdl            0     FALSE     FALSE        NA       NA
3   diana_nario           50      TRUE     FALSE        NA       NA
4    emjonaitis            0     FALSE     FALSE        NA       NA
5       caryden           41      TRUE     FALSE        NA       NA
6 ArkangelScrap           41      TRUE     FALSE        NA       NA

The output now has a lot more stuff, you can see if it has been retweeted or favorited as well as the latitude, longtitude and more.

Time to send the result to SQL Server

There is a problem with how the sqlSave method creates the table, it makes the created column a float and then all inserts fail.


Run the following DDL statement in your database

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[tweets]( [rownames] [nvarchar](255) NULL, [text] [nvarchar](255) NULL, [favorited] [nvarchar](5) NULL, [favoriteCount] [float] NULL, [replyToSN] [nvarchar](5) NULL, [created] [datetime] NULL, [truncated] [nvarchar](5) NULL, [replyToSID] [nvarchar](5) NULL, [id] [nvarchar](255) NULL, [replyToUID] [nvarchar](5) NULL, [statusSource] [nvarchar](255) NULL, [screenName] [nvarchar](255) NULL, [retweetCount] [float] NULL, [isRetweet] [nvarchar](5) NULL, [retweeted] [nvarchar](5) NULL, [longitude] [nvarchar](255) NULL, [latitude] [nvarchar](255) NULL ) ON [PRIMARY]

Now we are ready to save our twitter data in SQL Server,  here is how you do it.

> sqlSave(db,append = TRUE,colnames = FALSE,verbose = FALSE, addPK = FALSE, twListToDF(tweets))

Here is what the results look in SSMS

Make sure that you have append = TRUE, if you make it FALSE, the table will be recreated every time but since the command issued creates the wrong data type for the created column, you can't use it


So to recap, here are the commands you need after you loaded the twitterR package and have setup OAuth

> tweets <- searchTwitter('#rstats', n=6) #store the twitter search results
> twListToDF(tweets)  #convert to dataframe

> require(RODBC)  # load RODBC package
> db <- odbcConnect("LocalSqlServer")  #connect
> sqlSave(db,append = TRUE,colnames = FALSE,verbose = FALSE, addPK = FALSE, twListToDF(tweets))  #insert data into your table
> close(db)  #close ORDBC connection
 

Quickly change m/d/yyyy dates to mm/dd/yyyy dates in Excel

Sometimes you get data in an Excel or csv file and it will be in a m/d/yyyy format.


Here is an example

1/1/2005
2/1/2012
2/12/2012
12/5/2015

This will look fine if you open the csv file in Excel but if you need to import this data into a database you might get an error that the format is not correct.

 What you want is the data to be in this format
01/01/2005
02/01/2012
02/12/2012
12/05/2015


If you use Format Cells and then pick Date you will see that there is no mm/dd/yyyy format What you have to do is pick the Custom Category and click on the m/d/yyyy format

Now change m/d/yyyy to mm/dd/yyyy

Click OK and you are all set, you will see that the dates are now in mm/dd/yyyy format

Let me just mention that the problem was not the conversion in SQL itself but a tool that did the import choked

BTW SQL Server can do this fairly easily

If I run the following

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

;with dates (date) as (select '1/1/2001' union all select '11/1/2001' union all select '1/12/2001' union all select '5/5/2001' union all select '1/22/2001' union all select '12/1/2001' union all select '01/01/2001' ) select convert(date,date) from dates

I will get this as output

2001-01-01
2001-11-01
2001-01-12
2001-05-05
2001-01-22
2001-12-01
2001-01-01

That of course is just a date, if you want mm/dd/yyyy format, you can use convert and style 101...

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

;with dates (date) as (select '1/1/2001' union all select '11/1/2001' union all select '1/12/2001' union all select '5/5/2001' union all select '1/22/2001' union all select '12/1/2001' union all select '01/01/2001' ) select convert(varchar(10),convert(date,date),101) from dates select convert(date,date) from dates

And here is that output

01/01/2001
11/01/2001
01/12/2001
05/05/2001
01/22/2001
12/01/2001
01/01/2001

The one change I make to each tSQLt database

Whenever I put the tSQLt database on a server, I make sure that I make one change to a stored procedure that ships with tSQLt. The reason for this is that we run our tSQLT tests as part of our automated build process. If any of the tests fail, we developers who are part of that particular project will get an email telling us what the results of the tests were.

The main proc that runs the unit tests always returns 0, I need a way to know if any tests failed or not, if we had failures, we want the email to go out, if there were no failures then we don't want the email to go out.

Here is how I modified the RunAll stored procedure

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

ALTER PROCEDURE [tSQLt].[RunAll] AS BEGIN DECLARE @TestResultFormatter NVARCHAR(MAX); SELECT @TestResultFormatter = tSQLt.GetTestResultFormatter(); EXEC tSQLt.Private_RunAll @TestResultFormatter; -- Added to return -1 instead of the default 0 IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM tSQLt.TestResult WHERE result = 'Failure') RETURN -1 END;

I added the stuff on lines 9 till 11. I am checking if there were any tests that failed, these tests will have a result of Failure. If any tests failed, the stored procedure will return -1. Now we can easily check this value to determine if we should send the email or not.

I could have also checked if there were any tests which had a result which was not Success instead. A test could also have a status which is Error, you will get such a status if for example an object doesn't exist in the database.

There you have it, this is the change I made. Maybe you had the same problem and this will help you as well.

#BackToBasics: Returning all rows from one table that do not exists in another table

In the A challenge for 2016....... accepted! post I said that I would write a post once every month that would explain very basic stuff about SQL Server. Today is the first post, in this post we will take a look at how you can return rows from one table which do not exist in another table.

First we need to create our two tables, these tables will be very simple, each will have only 1 column

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

CREATE TABLE MainData (ID int) GO INSERT MainData values(1) INSERT MainData values(2) INSERT MainData values(4) INSERT MainData values(5) INSERT MainData values(7) GO CREATE TABLE SomeData (ID2 int) GO INSERT SomeData values(1) INSERT SomeData values(2) INSERT SomeData values(3) INSERT SomeData values(4) INSERT SomeData values(6) INSERT SomeData values(8) GO

Now that our tables are set up it is time to look at the various queries.

NOT IN

This is one of the simpler ways, it is almost a direct translation from English,  select all from this table which is not in the other table
Here is what the query looks like

1 2	SELECT t2.* FROM SomeData t2 WHERE ID2 NOT IN(SELECT ID FROM MainData)


This is the output

ID2
--------
3
6
8

The output is correct, our MainData table has only these values: 1,2,4,5 and 7. The SomeData table has the values 3, 6 and 8, these values do not exist in our MainData table. As you can see the NOT IN query is very simple and will work most of the time, there are however two scenarios where it could be problematic using NOT IN. We will look at these two scenarios at the end of this post.

NOT EXISTS

Using NOT EXISTS is very similar to NOT IN, one addition you have to make is adding a WHERE clause, you are in essence doing a JOIN condition but not returning anything that satisfied this condition. Here is what the query looks like

1 2	SELECT t2.* FROM SomeData t2 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT ID FROM MainData t1 WHERE t1.ID = t2.ID2)

The results for this query are the same as the NOT IN query

LEFT JOIN

A LEFT JOIN query returns all the data from both table, it will return NULL values for the rows that don't have a matched in the outer joined table. If you run the following query

1 2	SELECT * FROM SomeData t2 LEFT JOIN MainData t1 ON t1.ID = t2.ID2

Here is what the results look like

ID2 ID
----    -----
1 1
2 2
3 NULL
4 4
6 NULL
8 NULL

As you can see the rows with the values 3,6 and 8 in the 1st column have a NULL value in the 2nd column.

The LEFT JOIN query is more complex compared to NOT IN and NOT EXISTS. You also need to know  that this query will return data from both tables, this is why we need to specify SELECT t2.*. I also specified t2.* in the other two queries, this was however not needed since  NOT IN and NOT EXISTS only return data from one table. Like in the NOT EXISTS query, you also specify a JOIN condition in the LEFT JOIN query. Finally in the WHERE clause you are filtering out the data which does exists by asking for all the rows where t1.ID is NULL
Here is what the query looks like and the results are the same as for the NOT IN and the NOT EXISTS queries

1 2 3

SELECT t2.* FROM SomeData t2 LEFT JOIN MainData t1 ON t1.ID = t2.ID2 WHERE t1.ID IS NULL

EXCEPT

Using EXCEPT is very easy, the query is basically return every from one table EXCEPT what is returned by the bottom query. Here is what the query looks like

1 2 3

SELECT t2.* FROM SomeData t2 EXCEPT SELECT ID FROM MainData

This query will return the same data as the other queries. Using EXCEPT is pretty simple and straightforward but I have to warn you, EXCEPT does a sort and is the worst performing query of all the ones mentioned here. I don't recommend using EXCEPT for any big tables

Some problems you might encounter when using NOT IN 

 Take a look at the query below, do you see anything wrong? Run the following query

1 2	SELECT t2.* FROM SomeData t2 WHERE ID2 NOT IN(SELECT ID2 FROM MainData)

You don't get any errors but the query returns nothing. The problem is that the MainData table does not contain a column named ID2, it is named ID. Since the ID2 table does exists in the SomeData table SQL Server does not throw an error. If you use LEFT JOIN or NOT EXISTS, you cannot make this mistake. Run the following two queries to see what happens

1 2 3 4 5 6

SELECT t2.* FROM SomeData t2 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT ID FROM MainData t1 WHERE t1.ID2 = t2.ID2) SELECT t2.* FROM SomeData t2 LEFT JOIN MainData t1 ON t1.ID2 = t2.ID2 WHERE t1.ID IS NULL

Here is the output

Msg 207, Level 16, State 1, Line 75
Invalid column name 'ID2'.
Msg 207, Level 16, State 1, Line 79
Invalid column name 'ID2'.

As you can see you got an error.

NULL values will also cause a problem when using NOT IN. Add the following NULL value to the MainData table

1	INSERT MainData values(NULL)

If you run all the 3 different queries again, you will notice something

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SELECT t2.ID2 as 'Not in' FROM SomeData t2 WHERE ID2 NOT IN(SELECT ID FROM MainData) SELECT t2.ID2 as 'Not Exists' FROM SomeData t2 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT ID FROM MainData t1 WHERE t1.ID = t2.ID2) SELECT t2.ID2 as 'Left Join' FROM SomeData t2 LEFT JOIN MainData t1 ON t1.ID = t2.ID2 WHERE t1.ID IS NULL SELECT t2.ID2 as 'Except' FROM SomeData t2 EXCEPT SELECT ID FROM MainData

Here are the results

Not in
-----------

Not Exists
-----------
3
6
8

Left Join
-----------
3
6
8

Except
-----------
3
6
8

Do you see what happened? The NOT IN query is not returning anything, a NULL value is not equal to anything, not even to another NULL value.

So that's it for this post, I showed you four ways to return values from one table which do not exists in another table. I also showed you why NOT IN might cause some problems. In general I like to use EXISTS and NOT EXISTS unless I need data from both table, in that case I will use a JOIN.

Till next month. If you want me to cover a topic leave me a comment.

A challenge for 2016....... accepted!

I was reading a challenge for 2016 post by Aaron Bertrand and in that post Aaron mentioned that Tim Ford challenged the SQL community to post 1 introductory post per month. The tweet in question is below

A 2016 challenge to technical bloggers: 1 introductory level blog per month... #mvpbuzz https://t.co/BQ4T6U6zbg

— Tim Ford (@sqlagentman) December 28, 2015

I am not an MVP anymore, but I decided to still jump on the bandwagon as well. I noticed that with some of the new hires we had, some of the stuff I take for granted is sometimes not very clear/obvious to them.

Here are some of the things I will blog about

Selecting all the rows from one table that don't exist in another table
How to make SSMS rock so that you are more productive
Get the max/first/latest/oldest row based on some criteria

I will think of more once time passes. During the summer when we get our interns in the office will also be a good time to get some additional ideas.

TempDB Database changes in SQL Server 2016

According to Books On Line, there are several changes made in SQL Server 2016 in regards to TempDB. Here is what Books On Line has on the topic

There are several enhancements to TempDB:

• Trace Flags 1117 and 1118 are not required for tempdb anymore. If there are multiple tempdb database files all files will grow at the same time depending on growth settings. In addition, all allocations in tempdb will use uniform extents.
• By default, setup adds as many tempdb files as the CPU count or 8, whichever is lower.
• During setup, you can configure the number of tempdb database files, initial size, autogrowth and directory placement using the new UI input control on the Database Engine Configuration - TempDB section of SQL Server Installation Wizard.
• The default initial size is 8MB and the default autogrowth is 64MB.
• You can specify multiple volumes for tempdb database files. If multiple directories are specified tempdb data files will be spread across the directories in a round-robin fashion.

I decided to check this out, I downloaded and installed SQL Server 2016 Community Technology Preview 3.0 During the install I did not make any changes to TempDB

Once the install was done, I executed the following to see how many files TempDB had on my laptop

exec sp_helpdb 'tempdb'

Here is what I saw in the output

name fileid filename filegroup size maxsize growth usage
tempdev 1 C:\DATA\tempdb.mdf PRIMARY 8192 KB Unlimited 65536 KB data only
templog 2 C:\DATA\templog.ldf NULL 8192 KB Unlimited 65536 KB log only
temp2 3 C:\DATA\tempdb_mssql_2.ndf PRIMARY 8192 KB Unlimited 65536 KB data only
temp3 4 C:\DATA\tempdb_mssql_3.ndf PRIMARY 8192 KB Unlimited 65536 KB data only
temp4 5 C:\DATA\tempdb_mssql_4.ndf PRIMARY 8192 KB Unlimited 65536 KB data only

As you can see, there are 4 data files, when I looked at my SQL Server 2014 instance which was installed with defaults, there is only 1 data file. Another difference is that SQL Server 2014 uses 10% growth as default while SQL Server 2016 uses 65536 KB

This is a good change for all the casual installs by people who just want to experiment and learn, however most shops I would think already would have changed TempDB to have more than 1 file. But then again maybe Microsoft noticed that a lot of support calls that they are getting have only 1 data file for TempDB and thus they decided to implement this change.